First wave: early 20th century, suffragette movement (right to vote).
Second wave: 1960s – 1990s, reproductive rights (pill), abortion, equal pay.
Third wave: 1990s – present, empowerment, reclaiming of femininity (high heels, sexuality etc. See Angela McRobbie's work on women's magazines).
Fourth wave? 2010 – ongoing, use of new technology and digital media (e.g. Twitter) for activism.
Fourth wave?
Many commentators argue that the internet itself has enabled a shift from ‘third-wave’ to ‘fourth-wave’ feminism. What is certain is that the internet has created a ‘call-out’ culture, in which sexism or misogyny can be ‘called out’ and challenged.
This culture is indicative of the continuing influence of the third wave, with its focus on challenging sexism and misogyny in advertising, film, television and the media.
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Case study: Everyday Sexism
1) Why did Laura Bates start the Everyday Sexism project?
Laura Bates started the Everyday Sexism project because she wanted to raise awareness about this matter that is being unrecognisable and for people to think that its okay to do so because we are in a "post-feminine" era or it shouldn't be discussed about because females have got equality now. Laura made a website so everybody - females or males can share and write about any of the sexism experiences that they have had.
2) How does the Everyday Sexism project link to the concept of post-feminism? Is feminism still required in western societies?
This project links to the concept of post-feminism because it shows how some of the females are now taking authority within themselves and standing up to the behaviour they get from some males. Also on the website there are also examples of some males standing up for females and their rights. People are now opening up to discussing about this instead of acting like sexism doesn't exist. I do think that feminism is still required in western societies because this isn't a men world anymore, a lot more females are taking in charge and getting higher positions in job roles. In my opinion, women shouldn't never be felt has a second best to men and shouldn't be discouraged because society has made it feel like it is a male world.
3) How can you apply Judith Butler's theory of gender as a 'performance' to the creation of the Everyday Sexism project?
Bulters theory can be applied to this as a 'performance' socially, most of the time it can be seen that men in general - young and old think it is acceptable the way they sexually behave with a female is okay, as this topic is hardly ever spoken about, society is ignoring it and making it feel like its okay. It could be seen as if this is a social behaviour as nobody says anything about it, just like the examples Laura had given with her experiences and no-one tired to help her but instead they looked away awkwardly.
4) How does Angela McRobbie's work on female empowerment link to the Everyday Sexism project?
Angela McRobbie's work on female empowerment can be linked to this is because females are now taking power and authority to how they are being treated by sexual behaviour towards them. As females are now sharing their stories on the website, it does raise the issue a little bit and making a wider audience aware of what does happen daily to other females, the anger that is being collected is making females stand up to their rights and encouraging as well as reinforcing female empowerment.
Media Magazine: The fourth wave?
Read the article: The Fourth Wave? Feminism in the Digital Age in MM55 (p64)
1) Summarise the questions in the first two sub-headings: What is networked feminism? Why is it a problem?
Networked feminism is the name for 4th wave feminism. This came from the idea of fighter social quality issues found and are going on the digital media. The problem is that females or "femininity" is getting left behind due the increase of developments that are coming into technology. It suggests that within the media, feminists is still being associated with the means of getting recognised with the olden times - suffragettes who done things very differently and dangerously; tying themselves to railings and getting killed.
2) What are the four waves of feminism? Do you agree that we are in a fourth wave ‘networked feminism’?
First wave: early 20th century, suffragette movement (right to vote).
Second wave: 1960s – 1990s, reproductive rights (pill), abortion, equal pay.
Third wave: 1990s – present, empowerment, reclaiming of femininity (high heels, sexuality etc. See Angela McRobbie's work on women's magazines).
Fourth wave? 2010 – ongoing, use of new technology and digital media (e.g. Twitter) for activism.
In my opinion, I think there is a four wave but it just associated for females but also males. I think that females are more open about the fact that use digital media especially for activism but men do it too, and people just don't see it or won't admit because they feel though that since females are so open about it and many people just hear about females doing it, its only them. Males do it but they wouldn't like to admit it because it would make them question their masculinity.
3) Focus on the examples in the article. Write a 100-word summary of EACH of the following: Everyday Sexism, HeForShe, FCKH8 campaign, This Girl Can.
Everyday sexism: The project started by Laura Baes in 2012 as a website which posted examples of sexism that users faced every day. It was set up because she found that feminism was hard to talk about. This campaign now is the most high-visibility feminists digital campagin, arguably due to its user generated content and its well used "hashtageverydaysexism" on twitter. This campaign is made to be very much personal and much more instant due to the role of social media.
HeForShe: This campaign is led by Emma Watson, this campaign focuses on male support for gender equality, highlight that fact that feminism is not about promoting matriarchy bit solidarity. The digital commitment means that you can pledge to help the women's issues online, and now has generated a huge response. During the campaigns promotion, Watson used Twitter for a Q&A session, this represented both feminism and He For She as dynamic and integrated.
FCKH8 campaign: This is a popular digital campaign, this movement foucses on the modern representation of girls and the huge social inequalities they face, whilst featuring young girls 'F-Bombing" to highlight society's imbalance when it comes to offences. This Campaign went viral due to a youtube video that was made; "Potty Mouth Princess", this video gained 1.6 million views. This video is a complete paradim shift in the representation of young girls, this was clearly liked by the audience.
This Girl Can: This campaign has been described as the first fitness camping for women which doesnt shame or exclude them, by sharing photos,videos or even quotes exploitation of a women's fitness advert and without body shaming. There was an online petition about this as this campaign was heavily criticised especially by women themselves through social media. The online petition: "Stop Taxing Periods. Period" calls for tampons to stop being taxes as luxury items when they are more essentials than crocodile steak and which are not penalised by the same tariff.
4) What is your opinion with regards to feminism and new/digital media? Do you agree with the concept of a 'fourth wave' of feminism post-2010 or are recent developments like the Everyday Sexism project merely an extension of the third wave of feminism from the 1990s?
In my opinion, I think that we are not entirely into the fourth wave but there could be potentially we will within few years time. Campaigns such as Everyday Sexism are trying to raise awareness about issues that we don't want to talk about, it brings a positive view of how females are defending themselves and gaining their rights more vocally.
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